Method and apparatus for storage of data for manufactured items

ABSTRACT

Exemplary embodiments are directed to a method and apparatus for storing data for a batch of manufactured items. The method comprises defining in a processor, using a lower limit identifier and an upper limit identifier, a range of unique item identifiers for the batch, wherein each manufactured item in the batch is allocated a unique item identifier falling within the range. The item identifiers are stored in allocated storage space. If an upper limit identifier is specified for each time interval, an amount of storage specified for all manufactured items during a production time period is calculated as a sum of a first product and a second product, the first product being a product of a production time and a size allocated to each upper limit identifier, and the second product being a product of the production time, a total number of manufactured items, and a percentage of unused identifiers.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 12/976,662, filed on Dec. 22, 2010, which corresponds to and claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to European Application No. 09252859.5,filed Dec. 22, 2009. The entire contents of each prior application ishereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a batch of manufactured items, such asmethod and apparatus for storage of data for a batch of manufactureditems, a method for a party to identify a manufactured item in thebatch, and a method for a party to determine a total number of itemsmanufactured in the batch.

WORKING ENVIRONMENT

In the context of data storage and transmission, “serialization” is theprocess of converting an object, such as a unique serial number, into asequence of bits so that it can be persisted on a storage medium ortransmitted across a communications link. The serialization may besecure or non-secure. That is to say, the unique serial number may ormay not be protected with a cryptographic mechanism, such as, but notlimited to, encryption and digital signature.

Serialization may be used for identifying individual manufactured itemsduring a manufacturing process. Manufactured items are produced inbatches. After a batch run has been started, the individual manufactureditems are marked with a unique serial number (also known as anidentifier). Regulations, such as quality control regulations andtaxation regulations, are increasingly being introduced to requiremanufacturers to be able to securely identify, authenticate and traceitems during the manufacturing process. This is particularly importantfor goods where quality is critical and inferior quality is detrimentalto the customer and to the manufacturer. In addition, for goods wherequality or brand value is critical, counterfeiting may cause significantloss of revenue and reputation, and should be combated as far aspossible.

Serialization may be used for later identification by manufacturers,distributors, retailers and end users. It may also be used for otherparties outside the manufacturing, distribution and retail process, suchas national authorities and regulators. Authorized parties may need toable to determine the actual number of items manufactured, for example,for tax reasons. This is known as volume verification.

For all the items in a particular manufacturing batch, the identifiersmay be derived from a single set. For example, the identifiers may allinclude a batch identifier. That is to say, an identifier is used whichmay explicitly identify the batch during which a unit was produced.Alternatively, an identifier may be used to implicitly identify thebatch during which a unit was produced. For example, the identifier maydefine the production details (place, date, time etc) which, in turn,points to a particular batch. Such an identification code may provideinformation regarding production, and can be used to trace the itemthrough the manufacturing and distribution process.

In addition, it is often the case that a batch of identifiers isproduced for a batch of items, but not all the identifiers are used forthe items that are actually manufactured. This may be for variousreasons. For example, there may be gaps and reordering of items in themanufacturing process, which makes it convenient to have gaps andreordering in the identifiers actually used. There may also be productsidentified later in the manufacturing process which are rejected forquality reasons.

There are clearly advantages in using serialization for manufactureditems during a manufacturing process. However, when the manufacturingprocess is a high-speed manufacturing process, in which a large numberof items are being produced at a high production rate, the amount ofstorage space required for the serialization will be large. This resultsin data storage requirements which are potentially prohibitive. Inaddition, if the data needs to be transmitted across a communicationslink, this will require a potentially prohibitively large bandwidth.

Therefore, there exists a need for an improved method and apparatus forstorage of data for a batch of manufactured items, particularly forserialization of a batch of manufactured items.

SUMMARY

An exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for storage of data fora batch of manufactured items. The method includes defining, by a lowerlimit identifier and an upper limit identifier, a range of unique itemidentifiers for the batch, wherein each manufactured item in the batchis allocated a unique item identifier falling within the range. Thenumber of unique item identifiers allocated to the manufactured items issmaller than the number of unique item identifiers in the range. Theunique item identifiers allocated to the manufactured items are definedby the lower limit item identifier of the range, the upper limit itemidentifier of the range, and an indication of those item identifiers inthe range which are not allocated to a manufactured item.

Another exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for a second partyto identify a manufactured item. The method includes a first partyperforming a method for storage of data for a batch of manufactureditems defining, by a lower limit identifier and an upper limitidentifier, a range of unique item identifiers for the batch, whereineach manufactured item in the batch is allocated a unique itemidentifier falling within the range. The number of unique itemidentifiers allocated to the manufactured items is smaller than thenumber of unique item identifiers in the range. The unique itemidentifiers allocated to the manufactured items are defined by the lowerlimit item identifier of the range, the upper limit item identifier ofthe range, and an indication of those item identifiers in the rangewhich are not allocated to a manufactured item. The first party sends tothe second party the range of unique item identifiers for the batch.

Furthermore, an exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for asecond party to determine a total number of items manufactured in abatch. The method includes a first party performing a method for storageof data for the batch of manufactured items that includes defining, by alower limit identifier and an upper limit identifier, a range of uniqueitem identifiers for the batch, wherein each manufactured item in thebatch is allocated a unique item identifier falling within the range.The number of unique item identifiers allocated to the manufactureditems is smaller than the number of unique item identifiers in therange. The unique item identifiers allocated to the manufactured itemsare defined by the lower limit item identifier of the range, the upperlimit item identifier of the range, and an indication of those itemidentifiers in the range which are not allocated to a manufactured item.The first party sends to the second party the range of unique itemidentifiers for the batch and the first party sends to the second partythe indication of those item identifiers in the range which are notallocated to a manufactured item in the batch. The range of unique itemidentifiers and the indication of those item identifiers not allocatedto a manufactured item may be used by the second party to determine thenumber of items manufactured in the batch.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The exemplary embodiments will be further described, by way of exampleonly, with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a method for applying item identifiers to manufactureditems at the production line in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 shows a manufactured item having an identifying label includingthe manufactured item's unique identifier in accordance with anexemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 3 shows a manufactured item having an identifying label includingthe manufactured item's unique identifier in accordance with anexemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to a first aspect of the present disclosure there is provideda method for storage of data for a batch of manufactured items. Themethod includes defining, by a lower limit identifier and an upper limitidentifier, a range of unique item identifiers for the batch, whereineach manufactured item in the batch is allocated a unique itemidentifier falling within the range. The number of unique itemidentifiers allocated to the manufactured items is smaller than thenumber of unique item identifiers in the range, and the unique itemidentifiers allocated to the manufactured items are defined by the lowerlimit item identifier of the range, the upper limit item identifier ofthe range, and an indication of those item identifiers in the rangewhich are not allocated to a manufactured item.

According to the present disclosure there is also provided a method forstorage of data for a batch of manufactured items. The method includesdefining, by a lower limit identifier and an upper limit identifier, arange of unique item identifiers for the batch, wherein eachmanufactured item in the batch is allocated a unique item identifierfalling within the range. The number of unique item identifiersallocated to the manufactured items is smaller than the number of uniqueitem identifiers in the range, and the unique item identifiers allocatedto the manufactured items are defined by the lower limit item identifierof the range, the upper limit item identifier of the range and arepresentation of those item identifiers in the range which are notallocated to a manufactured item.

By defining the unique item identifiers that are actually allocated tomanufactured items with reference to a range including a larger numberof unit identifiers, gaps, reordering, and rejects in the manufacturingprocess can be taken into account. The manufacturer is free to use asmany identifiers from the range as are actually required. Thoseidentifiers not used by the manufacturer may not be potentially used bycounterfeiters. This means that the precise number of manufactured itemsin a batch does not need to be pre-defined. This also means that onesize of range can be used for data storage for several different typesand sizes of batches. In addition, by defining the unique itemidentifiers that are actually allocated to manufactured items byindicating, prompting or representing those item identifiers in therange which are not used, the data storage requirements may be reduced.

The method of the first embodiment of the present disclosure allows forstorage of data for a batch of manufactured items. The method of thefirst aspect of invention allows individual manufactured items to beidentified. This may allow manufacturers and distributors to trace theitems during the manufacturing and supply chain. This may also allowthird parties to verify that a particular manufactured item is genuineand to determine production details for an individual manufactured item.The method may also allow the manufacturer or a third party to determinethe precise number of items manufactured, that is, to perform volumeverification.

Each manufactured item may be a discrete item for an end-user.Alternatively, each manufactured item may be a container for otherunits. In the case of tobacco products, each manufactured item may be apack, carton or shipping case of smoking articles, or a pallet forshipping cases. In the case of other manufactured items, eachmanufactured item could be an individual box or bag, a container ofsimilar items, a shipping container, or a pallet for shippingcontainers.

In some embodiments, data representing the lower limit item identifierof the range is stored. In other embodiments, data representing thelower limit item identifier is not stored, for example where theidentifier exemplary used as the lower limit is an industry standard oralways a known value. Data representing the upper limit item identifierof the range is stored. The “indication” of those item identifiers inthe range which are not allocated to a manufactured item may take anumber of forms, as long as those item identifiers in the range notallocated to a manufactured item can be established. The indication maycomprise a representation, a signal or a prompt. The indication maycomprise storage of data representing those item identifiers in therange not allocated to a manufactured item. Alternatively oradditionally, the indication may comprise an external input, for examplefrom a computer program, a device such as a printer or camera, oranother device. Or, the indication may comprise an input from a humanoperator who scans the items as they move through the manufacturingline.

In one embodiment, the indication of those item identifiers in the rangewhich are not allocated to a manufactured item includes an indication ofone or more individual item identifiers which are not allocated to amanufactured item.

Additionally or alternatively, the indication of those item identifiersin the range which are not allocated to a manufactured item may comprisean indication of one or more further ranges of item identifiers whichare not allocated to a manufactured item.

Whether the item identifiers in the range not allocated to amanufactured item are indicated or represented as one or morenon-allocated individual item identifiers, as one or more non-allocatedranges of item identifiers or as both non-allocated individual itemidentifiers and non-allocated ranges of item identifiers, will depend onthe particular item identifiers in the range which are not allocated tomanufactured items. In some cases, storage requirements will be reducedif the item identifiers in the range not allocated to a manufactureditem are indicated or represented as non-allocated ranges. In some othercases, storage requirements will be reduced if the item identifiers inthe range not allocated to a manufactured item are indicated orrepresented as non-allocated individual item identifiers. In some othercases, storage requirements will be reduced if the item identifiers inthe range not allocated to a manufactured item are indicated orrepresented as both non-allocated individual item identifiers andnon-allocated ranges of item identifiers. The storage used will be thatrequiring the least amount of space.

For example, it may be the case that where a single consecutive itemidentifier is not allocated to a manufactured item, the storagerequiring the least amount of space is as a non-allocated individualitem identifier. For example, it may be the case that where three ormore consecutive item identifiers are not allocated to a manufactureditem, the storage requiring the least amount of space is as anon-allocated range of item identifiers. For example, it may be the casethat where two consecutive item identifiers are not allocated to amanufactured item, the storage requiring the least amount of space iseither as non-allocated individual item identifiers or as anon-allocated range of item identifiers. This would depend on thespecifics of data storage.

When the indication of those item identifiers in the range which are notallocated to a manufactured item comprises an indication of one or morenon-allocated ranges, each non-allocated range may be defined by a lowerlimit item identifier and an upper limit item identifier.

In one embodiment, each identifier is derived by generating anidentification code, providing a plurality of secret codes, anddigitally signing the identification code by means of a secret derivedfrom the plurality of secret codes. The plurality of secret codes areprovided to a checking centre for authenticating identifiers on themanufactured items. In that embodiment, the unsigned and signedidentification codes may not need to be stored. However, theidentification codes may be stored if required.

In one embodiment, each item identifier comprises production detailsassociated with the respective manufactured item.

In an alternative embodiment, each item identifier is an encryptedversion of production details associated with the respectivemanufactured item.

In that embodiment, the identifier itself is not stored; only theproduction details and an encryption key used for the encryption arestored.

The production details for each manufactured item includes one or moreof: production location, production date, production time, and a countervalue of an incremental counter. The production details are unique toeach manufactured item. In order to achieve this, in one embodiment, theproduction details comprise only the counter value of the incrementalcounter. In an alternative embodiment, the production details compriseonly the production time. However, in an exemplary embodiment, theproduction details comprise the production location, the productiondate, the production time and the counter value of the incrementalcounter. In that embodiment, the incremental counter may be reset eachtime period.

The production location may comprise one or both of the productioncentre and the specific production line, or the Code GeneratorIdentification. The Code Generator Identification is an identifieruniquely identifying the point where the identifier is generated. Theproduction time may be specified as accurately as desired and this willprobably depend on the speed of production of the manufactured items.For example, the production time may be specified in terms of hoursonly. Alternatively, the production time may be specified in terms ofhours and minutes. Alternatively, the production time may be specifiedin terms of hours, minutes and seconds.

The method may further comprise the step of marking each manufactureditem in the batch with the respective allocated item identifier.

The method of the first aspect of the present disclosure may beincorporated into the manufacturing process for the items.

According to a second embodiment of the invention, there is provided amethod for a second party to identify a manufactured item. The methodincludes the steps of a first party performing a method for storage ofdata for a batch of manufactured items according to the method of thefirst aspect of the invention, and the first party sending to the secondparty the range of unique item identifiers for the batch.

In that case, the second party can identify and verify, from the range,the particular manufactured item. However, because only the range ofunique item identifiers, as defined by the lower limit identifier andthe upper limit identifier, is sent to the second party, this greatlyreduces transmission requirements. Note that, although the range ofunique item identifiers is defined by the upper and lower limitidentifiers, it is often not necessary to send the lower limitidentifier to the second party. For example, the lower limit itemidentifier may be pre-defined, for example in accordance with anindustry standard, in which case sending only the upper limit itemidentifier will satisfactorily define the range.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of the firstparty sending to the second party the indication of those non-allocateditem identifiers in the range, that is to say, those item identifierswhich are not allocated to a manufactured item.

In that case, from the range, together with the indication of those itemidentifiers in the range which are not allocated to a manufactured item,the second party can determine the item identifiers actually used.However, because the individual identifiers do not need to be stored ortransmitted, this greatly reduces storage and transmission requirementsand increases the security of the storage and transmission.

According to a third embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided a method for a second party to determine a total number ofitems manufactured in a batch. The method includes the steps of a firstparty performing a method for storage of data for the batch ofmanufactured items, the first party sending to the second party therange of unique item identifiers for the batch, and the first partysending to the second party the indication of those item identifiers inthe range which are not allocated to a manufactured item in the batch.The range of unique item identifiers and the indication of those itemidentifiers not allocated to a manufactured item may be used by thesecond party to determine the number of items manufactured in the batch.

In that case, from the range, together with the indication of those itemidentifiers in the range which are not allocated to a manufactured item,the second party can determine the precise number of items manufacturedin the batch and the item identifiers used. That is to say, the secondparty may perform volume verification. This may be particularly usefulfor tax or regulatory reasons. However, because the individualidentifiers do not need to be transmitted, this greatly reducestransmission requirements and increases the security of thetransmission. Note again that, although the range of unique itemidentifiers is defined by the upper and lower limit identifiers, it isoften not necessary to send the lower limit identifier to the secondparty. For example, the lower limit item identifier may be pre-defined,for example in accordance with an industry standard, in which casesending only the upper limit item identifier will satisfactorily definethe range.

The first party may be a manufacturer or distributor. Alternatively, thefirst party may be an external party specializing in serialization. Thesecond party may be a verifying party, for example a regulator ornational authority.

According to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided a manufactured item identified according to the method of thefirst aspect of the present disclosure.

According to a fifth embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided apparatus for storage of data for a batch of manufactureditems. The apparatus includes means for defining, by a lower limitidentifier and an upper limit identifier, a range of unique itemidentifiers for the batch, wherein each manufactured item in the batchis allocated a unique item identifier falling within the range. Thenumber of unique item identifiers allocated to the manufactured items issmaller than the number of unique item identifiers in the range, and theunique item identifiers allocated to the manufactured items are definedby: the lower limit item identifier of the range, the upper limit itemidentifier of the range, and an indication of those item identifiers inthe range which are not allocated to a manufactured item.

The apparatus of the fifth embodiment of the present disclosure allowsfor storage of data for a batch of manufactured items. The apparatus ofthe fifth embodiment of the present disclosure allows individualmanufactured items to be identified. This may allow manufacturers anddistributors to trace the items during the manufacturing and supplychain. This may also allow third parties to verify that a particularmanufactured item is genuine and to determine production details for anindividual manufactured item. The apparatus may also allow themanufacturer or a third party to determine the precise number of itemsmanufactured, that is, to perform volume verification.

The indication of those item identifiers in the range which are notallocated to a manufactured item may comprise an indication of one ormore individual item identifiers which are not allocated to amanufactured item.

Additionally or alternatively, the indication of those item identifiersin the range which are not allocated to a manufactured item may comprisean indication of one or more further ranges which are not allocated to amanufactured item.

Whether the item identifiers in the first range not allocated to amanufactured item are identified or represented as one or morenon-allocated individual item identifiers, as one or more non-allocatedranges of item identifiers or as both non-allocated individual itemidentifiers and non-allocated ranges of item identifiers, will depend onthe particular item identifiers in the range which are not allocated tomanufactured items.

In one embodiment, each identifier is derived by: generating anidentification code; providing a plurality of secret codes; anddigitally signing the identification code by means of a secret derivedfrom the plurality of secret codes, wherein the plurality of secretcodes are provided to a checking centre for authenticating identifierson the manufactured items. In that embodiment, the unsigned and signedidentification codes may not need to be stored. However, theidentification codes may be stored if required.

In one embodiment, each item identifier comprises production detailsassociated with the respective manufactured item.

In an alternative embodiment, each item identifier is an encryptedversion of production details associated with the respectivemanufactured item.

The apparatus may further comprise means for marking each manufactureditem in the batch with the respective allocated item identifier.

The apparatus may be incorporated into apparatus for manufacturing theitems.

Features described in relation to one aspect of the present disclosuremay also be applicable to another aspect of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary method for implementing an embodiment of thepresent disclosure at the production line. Before production of aparticular batch begins at production line 100, the processor 107defines a range 101 of item identifiers to be used for the batch ofmanufactured items. In this embodiment, that range 101 is stored indatabase 105, accessible to processor 107.

During production, each manufactured item 109 is applied with an itemidentifier 111 (either directly or onto packaging or a label). The itemidentifiers 111 actually used for the manufactured items are selectedfrom the entire range 101. In this embodiment, the identifiers actuallyused are stored in the database at 103.

In this embodiment, the item identifiers actually used are stored indatabase 103 and typically a large amount of such information isrequired, as many batches may be manufactured. The identifiers can beused for later identification by manufacturers and distributors as wellas parties outside the manufacturing and distribution process such asnational authorities and regulators.

FIG. 2 shows a manufactured item 109 having an identifier 111. In theembodiment of FIG. 2, the manufactured item identifier 111 comprises twoportions: a machine-readable identifier 201 and a human-readableidentifier 203. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the human-readableidentifier 203 is a 40 digit number. The 40 digit number is encoded intoan EAN-128 (also known as GS1-128) barcode which forms themachine-readable identifier 201. The identifier 203, and hence theidentifier 201, are unique for each particular manufactured item. Inthis embodiment, the identifiers 201 and 203 typically identifyinformation including, but not limited to, the production date (YYMMDD),the production time (HHMMSS), the production centre, and the case packernumber. The customer recipient of the shipping case may also beidentified if already known.

FIG. 3 shows a manufactured item 109 having an identifier 111. In theembodiment of FIG. 3, the manufactured item identifier 111 comprises a12-digit alphanumeric code coded into a 2D barcode in the form of a datamatrix 301. The 12-digit code may also be printed onto the manufactureditem directly or onto packaging or a label for the manufactured item.Other forms of identifiers may also be used.

The serialization may be secure or non-secure. That is to say, theidentifier used on a manufactured item may or may not be encrypted.Thus, third parties may or may not be able to derive information fromthe identifier. In one embodiment, each identifier comprises anidentification code plus a signature. The identification code may beencrypted. The signature is generated from a secret derived from aplurality of secret codes. The plurality of secret codes may bepre-calculated random codes. The secret may be derived additionally fromthe identification code itself. In that embodiment, there is no need forthe identification codes themselves to be stored. But, the plurality ofsecret codes may be used to authenticate that a particularidentification code is genuine.

As already discussed, it is often advantageous for a manufacturer todefine a batch of identifiers for a batch of items, but not use all theidentifiers for the items that are actually manufactured. In that case,there needs to be a way to unequivocally determine whether a particularcode on an unverified item is a genuine code that was actually used fora manufactured item or is a genuine code that was not, in fact, used fora manufactured item. In this way, a third party can determine the volumeof products manufactured. In addition, the third party may then verifythat the volume of products manufactured, according to themanufacturer's claims does, in fact, correspond to the actual volume ofproducts manufactured. This may be important for a number of reasons,for example, tax or regulatory reasons. In addition, if a particularcode is found to be genuine, but not actually allocated to amanufactured item, this would reveal the item in question to be acounterfeit.

The present applicant has previously proposed a method for serializationof a batch of manufactured items. In that method, a range of itemidentifiers for the batch are defined at the outset. The identifiers,based on time information and using an incremental counter for a minimaltime interval (that is to say, production time), are then used forserialization. The incremental counter will be reset at the start ofeach minimum time interval. The minimum time interval may be specifiedas accurately as desired and, as already mentioned, this will depend onthe speed of production. For example, the minimum time interval may bespecified in terms of hours, minutes, seconds or any combinationthereof.

Each manufactured item identifier may be a 12-digit alphanumeric code.On the manufactured item itself, the 12-digit alphanumeric code may becoded into a 2D barcode in the form of a data matrix as shown in FIG. 3.The 12-digit code may also be printed onto the manufactured item in ahuman readable form. The actual item identifiers used during the minimaltime interval do not comprise the entire range of item identifiers thathave been defined. The item identifiers that are stored or transmittedto a second party are the individual item identifiers that are actuallyused for every minimal time interval within the batch.

Because every 12-digit alphanumeric code used must be stored, thisrequires a large amount of storage or transmission capability. Considera specific example implementing the method previously proposed by theapplicant. If identifiers 1 to 19, 21 to 48 and 50, of 50 identifiersdefined for a minimal time interval within a batch are actually used,then the following data needs to be stored or transmitted.

TABLE 1 Manufactured Item Within Time Interval N Manufactured ItemIdentifier N1 12-digit alphanumeric code 1 N2 12-digit alphanumeric code2 . . . . . . N19 12-digit alphanumeric code 19 N20 12-digitalphanumeric code 21 . . . . . . N47 12-digit alphanumeric code 48 N4812-digit alphanumeric code 50

If each 12-digit alphanumeric code requires 8 Bytes of storage (assumingonly upper case characters and digits), this will require 48×8 Bytes=384Bytes of storage for the minimum time interval within the batch. Giventhe huge numbers of smoking articles produced worldwide, the databasesize required will be enormous and the transmission bandwidth requiredwill be enormous because, in this example, 8 Bytes per smoking articlewill be required.

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for storage ofdata for a batch of manufactured items that decreases the amount of datastorage or transmission required.

In this embodiment, each minimal interval within the batch ofmanufactured items is described as a reporting interval. Eachmanufactured item identifier may be a 12-digit alphanumeric code. On themanufactured item itself, the 12-digit alphanumeric code may be codedinto a 2D barcode in the form of a data matrix as shown in FIG. 3. The12-digit code may also be printed onto the manufactured item in a humanreadable form. The actual item identifiers used do not comprise theentire range of item identifiers that have been defined.

According to this embodiment, the item identifiers stored or transmittedto a second party are defined by reference to the upper limit of thedefined range of item identifiers within the reporting interval togetherwith those item identifiers that are not actually used for amanufactured item. The lower limit of the defined range of itemidentifiers is also defined but, in some examples, need not be stored ortransmitted. For example, if the standard practice is to define, say,zero as the lower limit identifier then this value is not stored. (Notethat, if no items have been manufactured during the reporting interval,no information will be reported.) This is different from the previouslyproposed method in which all the individual identifiers that areactually used are stored or transmitted.

Consider the example above applied to this exemplary embodiment. Usingthe same identifiers within the similar minimal time interval as usedabove (that is identifiers 1 to 19, 21 to 48 and 50, of 50 identifiersdefined for a minimal time interval within a batch), the following dataneeds to be stored or transmitted:

TABLE 2 Manufactured Item Within Time Interval N Manufactured ItemIdentifier Range N1 to N48 12-digit alphanumeric code 50 less: 12-digitalphanumeric code 20, and 12-digit alphanumeric code 49

Note in Table 2 that the 12-digit alphanumeric code 1 is defined as thelower limit. As long as this has been pre-defined and all parties areaware that this is the case, that lower limit does not need to beexplicitly stored. Because the lower limit identifier does not requirestorage, in this example, 1 upper limit identifier and 2 individualidentifiers will need to be stored or transmitted. This will require (1×8 Bytes)+(2×8 Bytes)=24 Bytes of storage. Compared with the previousexample, this has reduced the storage required from 384 Bytes to 24Bytes: a reduction of the order of 16.

As an additional example, we will assume a production time of 8 hourswith an efficiency of 50%. That is to say, only 50% of the possiblemanufactured items are produced during this time period. We assume areporting interval of 1 minute, with 50 items being produced perreporting interval and 1% of the serialized item identifiers notactually being used on manufactured items.

In the previous method, the storage required for all the manufactureditems for that production period corresponds to:

8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×50 (items)×50% (efficiency)×99% (usage)×8 Bytes

=95.04 kBytes of storage.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the storagerequired for all the manufactured items for that production period wouldcorrespond to:

[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×8 Bytes (for an upper limit for each timeinterval)]

+[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×50 (items)×1% (unused)×8 Bytes]

=5.76 kBytes of storage, which is a reduction of the order of 16.

Alternatively, if a lower limit identifier for each time interval isrequired, the storage required for all the manufactured items for thatproduction period corresponds to:

[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×16 Bytes (for both upper and lower limits)]

+[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×50 (items)×1% (unused)×8 Bytes]

=9.6 kBytes of storage, which is a reduction of the order of 10. Thisstill represents a significant reduction in data storage.

In an exemplary embodiment, each identifier is an encrypted version ofthe following information: the code generator identification thatgenerates the code, the production date and time, and an incrementalcounter reset at the start of each minute (in this case, a minute is theminimal time interval and reporting interval). Thus, each identifier isan encrypted version of production details of the respectivemanufactured item. Thus, the manufactured item identifier informationmight be as shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Manufactured Item Code Generator Production Date Identifieridentification & Time Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . L73Q2M5JQC47 11623 Nov. 2007 10:11 86 7S6UAJBL3U62 116 23 Nov. 2007 10:11 874XJLKTND82CH 116 23 Nov. 2007 10:11 88 CSY6KVHK4MTC 116 23 Nov. 200710:11 89 C6SY9V53CXB6 116 23 Nov. 2007 10:11 90 HVD31USQ0U0V 116 23 Nov.2007 10:12 1 DBJ2UBX5RWCC 116 23 Nov. 2007 10:12 2 ELQU4CJNAL57 116 23Nov. 2007 10:12 3 PWA2E2TZYCWK 116 23 Nov. 2007 10:12 4 9UB9ASGG20F6 11623 Nov. 2007 10:12 5 U26V5VKG8WCH 116 23 Nov. 2007 10:12 6 . . . . . . .. . . . .

Note that Table 3 shows the connection between the encrypted itemidentifier (12-digit alphanumeric code) and the production details.Since, in this embodiment, the identifier is the production details, inencrypted form, there is no need to store both the item identifier andthe production details, as long as the key used for encryption is known.Thus, Table 3 may not represent what is actually stored. Due to theincremental counter, the production details for each manufactured itemare unique, even if several items are produced each minute.

The embodiment of Table 3 can be applied to the example above. Ratherthan the 12-digit alphanumeric codes being stored or transmitted, theproduction details themselves are stored or transmitted. The codegenerator identification will require 2 Bytes of storage. The productiondate and time will require 4 Bytes of storage. The counter will require2 Bytes of storage. Therefore, each item identifier will again require(2+4+2)=8 Bytes of storage.

In the case of the previously proposed method, 48 individual identifiersreported during the same interval will need to be stored or transmittedto a third party. Thus, the reporting interval of 48 packs of cigaretteswill require 48×8 Bytes=384 Bytes of storage.

In the case of the exemplary embodiment that includes assuming the lowerlimit is pre-defined and need not be stored, 1 upper limit identifierand 2 individual identifiers will need to be stored or transmitted to athird party. Thus, the batch will require (1×8)+(2×8)=24 Bytes ofstorage. This is a reduction by a factor of approximately 16. In fact,it is possible to store only the individual incremental counter of theitems not manufactured. That is to say, the non-allocated individualidentifiers can be represented simply by the incremental counter, whichrequires only 2 Bytes of storage. Thus, the batch may require only(1×8)+(2×2)=12 Bytes of storage. This is a reduction by a factor ofapproximately 32.

Even if the lower limit is required to be stored, the batch will onlyrequire (1×8)+(1×8)+(2×8)=32 Bytes of storage, or (1×8)+(1×8)+(2×2)=20Bytes of storage if the non-allocated individual identifiers can berepresented simply by the incremental counter. This is still a largereduction in storage requirements.

Returning to the previous additional example, we will assume aproduction time of 8 hours with an efficiency of 50%. That is to say,only 50% of the possible manufactured items are produced during thistime period. We also assume a reporting interval of 1 minute, with 50items being produced per reporting interval and 1% of the serializeditem identifiers not actually being used on manufactured items.

In the previous method, the storage required for all the manufactureditems for that production period corresponds to

8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×50 (items)×50% (efficiency)×99% (usage)×8 Bytes

=95.04 kBytes of storage.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the storage required for allthe manufactured items for that production period (assuming that eachnon-allocated individual identifier can be represented simply by theincremental counter) corresponds to:

[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×8 Bytes (for an upper limit for each timeinterval)]

+[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×50 (items)×1% (unused)×2 Bytes]

=4.32 kBytes of storage, which is a reduction of the order of 22.

Alternatively, if a lower limit identifier for each time interval isrequired, the storage required for all the manufactured items for thatproduction period corresponds to:

[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×16 Bytes (for both upper and lower limits)]

+[8 (hours)×60 (minutes)×50 (items)×1% (unused)×2 Bytes]

=8.16 kBytes of storage, which is a reduction of the order of 66. Thisstill represents a significant reduction in data storage.

The example above describes only a relatively small number ofmanufactured items. In fact, the benefits of the exemplary embodimentsbecome even more apparent when a large number of items are manufacturedand hence a large number of item identifiers need to be stored ortransmitted. For example, with a counter range of 400, rather than 50,in the example above, the embodiment of the present disclosure couldprovide a reduction in storage of the order of 100.

This exemplary embodiment may be used in conjunction with the productionline shown in FIG. 1. In that case, before production of a particularbatch begins, the processor defines a range of item identifiers to beused for the batch. During production, each manufactured item is appliedwith an item identifier. The item identifiers actually used for themanufactured items are selected from the entire range. Firstly, aprinter or other device which performs application of the itemidentifiers onto the items may simply not produce or use certain itemidentifiers from the pre-defined range. This may be for a variety ofreasons. That device will then indicate the unused identifiers to thegenerator which generated the original range of identifiers. Or, even ifthe item identifiers are applied to a manufactured item, they maysubsequently be rejected. For example, a camera on the production linemay reject a code as illegible, and reject that item as it is movingalong the production line. Or, a human operator may reject a code asillegible or remove an item for another reason (such as for qualitycontrol or as a sample). In that case, the human operator will identifythe rejected identifier, for example by scanning the identifier using acamera which reads the identifier. Again, the unused identifiers will beindicated to the generator which generated the original range ofidentifiers.

The disclosed embodiments may be used by verifying and commissioningparties for identification of manufactured items within a batch ofmanufactured items or for volume verification. The commissioning partymay be the manufacturer or another party which pre-defines the range ofidentifiers to be used, and allocates the manufactured items withidentifiers within that range. The second party may be, for example, anational authority who needs to identify a particular manufactured itemor determine the precise number of items manufactured.

Each identifier may comprise an identification code plus a signature. Inone case, both the commissioning party and second party know thesignature. The commissioning party does not, therefore, need to storethe signature as long as there is some correlation between oneidentifier and another within the same batch. If the second party needsto know details of the items manufactured, the commissioning party canprovide the identifiers used to the second party. According to theexemplary embodiments, the commissioning party can do this by referringto the range of identifiers defined at the outset, rather than byreferring to the individual identifiers used. If the second party needsto know the precise number of items manufactured, for example for taxreasons, or the second party needs to know which identifiers haveactually been used, the commissioning party can refer to the rangetogether with those identifiers in the range that are not actually usedfor manufactured items. This vastly reduces the amount of informationthat needs to be sent, as compared with prior art arrangements.Additionally, this will enable the second party to be aware of validcodes that have not actually been used for manufactured items, forexample to unequivocally determine whether a particular item is genuine.

The unique identifiers—in the described examples, production details—canbe defined appropriately depending on the rate of production, so as tominimize data storage requirements. The principle could also be appliedto packs of smoking articles, cartons of packs, shipping cases ofcartons or pallets of shipping cases. In fact, the principle may beapplied to any manufactured item or container for manufactured items.

The disclosed embodiments provide a number of advantages includingreduce data storage and transmission requirements for identifiers formanufactured items.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for storage of data for a batch ofmanufactured items, the method comprising: defining in a processor,using a lower limit identifier and an upper limit identifier, a range ofunique item identifiers for the batch, wherein each manufactured item inthe batch is allocated a unique item identifier falling within therange; and storing the item identifiers in allocated storage space,wherein if an upper limit identifier is specified for each timeinterval, an amount of storage specified for all manufactured itemsduring a production time period is calculated as a sum of a firstproduct and a second product, the first product being a product of aproduction time and a size allocated to each upper limit identifier, andthe second product being a product of the production time, a totalnumber of manufactured items, and a percentage of unused identifiers,wherein each identifier is derived by: generating an identification codein the processor; providing a plurality of secret codes; and digitallysigning, in the processor, the identification code by means of a secretderived from the plurality of secret codes, wherein the processorprovides the plurality of secret codes to a checking centre forauthenticating identifiers on the manufactured items.
 2. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein if a lower limit identifier is specifiedfor each time interval, an amount of storage specified for allmanufactured items during a production time period is calculated as asum of a third product and a fourth product, the third product being aproduct of a production time and a size allocated to both the lowerlimit identifier and the upper limit identifier, and the fourth productbeing a product of the production time, a total number of manufactureditems, and a percentage of unused identifiers.
 3. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein each identifier is an encrypted version of a codegenerator identification that generates the code, the production dateand time, and an incremental counter reset at the start of each minute.4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the processor defines theunique item identifiers allocated to the manufactured items in a storagedevice using the lower limit item identifier of the range, the upperlimit item identifier of the range, and an indication of those itemidentifiers in the range which are not allocated to a manufactured item.5. A method for storage of data for a batch of manufactured items, themethod comprising: defining in a processor, using a lower limitidentifier and an upper limit identifier, a range of unique itemidentifiers for the batch, wherein each manufactured item in the batchis allocated a unique item identifier falling within the range; andstoring the item identifiers in allocated storage space, wherein if anupper limit identifier is specified for each time interval, an amount ofstorage specified for all manufactured items during a production timeperiod is calculated in the processor as a sum of a first product and asecond product, the first product being a product of a production timeand a size allocated to each upper limit identifier, and the secondproduct being a product of the production time, a total number ofmanufactured items, and a percentage of unused identifiers, and whereinif a lower limit identifier is specified for each time interval, anamount of storage specified for all manufactured items during aproduction time period is calculated in the processor as a sum of athird product and a fourth product, the third product being a product ofa production time and a size allocated to both the lower limitidentifier and the upper limit identifier, and the fourth product beinga product of the production time, a total number of manufactured items,and a percentage of unused identifiers.
 6. An apparatus for storage ofdata for a batch of manufactured items, the apparatus comprising: aprocessor configured to define using a lower limit identifier and anupper limit identifier, a range of unique item identifiers for thebatch, wherein each manufactured item in the batch is allocated a uniqueitem identifier falling within the range, and store the item identifiersin allocated storage space, wherein the processor is configured todetermine an amount of storage specified for all manufactured itemsduring a production time period by calculating one of: a sum of a firstproduct and a second product, the first product being a product of aproduction time and a size allocated to each upper limit identifier, andthe second product being a product of the production time, a totalnumber of manufactured items, and a percentage of unused identifiers,and a sum of a third product and a fourth product, the third productbeing a product of a production time and a size allocated to both thelower limit identifier and the upper limit identifier, and the fourthproduct being a product of the production time, a total number ofmanufactured items, and a percentage of unused identifiers.
 7. Theapparatus according to claim 6, wherein the indication of those itemidentifiers in the range which are not allocated to a manufactured itemcomprises an indication of one or more further ranges which are notallocated to a manufactured item.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 7,wherein each identifier is derived by: generating an identification codein the processor; providing a plurality of secret codes; and digitallysigning, in the processor, the identification code by means of a secretderived from the plurality of secret codes, wherein the processorprovides plurality of secret codes to a checking centre forauthenticating identifiers on the manufactured items.
 9. The apparatusaccording to claim 6, wherein each item identifier comprises encryptedor non-encrypted production details associated with the respectivemanufactured item.
 10. A method for storage of data for a batch ofmanufactured items, the method comprising: defining in a processor,using a lower limit identifier and an upper limit identifier, a range ofunique item identifiers for the batch, wherein each manufactured item inthe batch is allocated a unique item identifier falling within therange; and storing the item identifiers based in the allocated storagespace, wherein if a lower limit identifier is specified for each timeinterval, an amount of storage specified for all manufactured itemsduring a production time period is calculated a sum of a first productand a second product, the first product being a product of a productiontime and a size allocated to both the lower limit identifier and theupper limit identifier, and the second product being a product of theproduction time, a total number of manufactured items, and a percentageof unused identifiers. wherein each identifier is derived by: generatingan identification code in the processor; providing a plurality of secretcodes; and digitally signing, in the processor, the identification codeby means of a secret derived from the plurality of secret codes, whereinthe processor provides the plurality of secret codes to a checkingcentre for authenticating identifiers on the manufactured items.